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EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL 

SYSTEMS 



TABLES, QUOTATIONS, AND FACTS] 

FROM ADVANCE SHEETS OF "A STUDY OF 

EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS" 



BY 



HARLAN UPDEGEAFF nyf^ 

OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION 

WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO THE PUBLIC SCHOOL 
SYSTEM OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 



1912 



PRESENTED BY MR. GALLINGER 
March 15, 1912.— Ordered to be printed 



TVASHINGTON 
1912 



V 







5 m n. 



TABLES, QUOTATIONS, AND FACTS FROM A "STUDY OF EXPENSES 
OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS."^ 



By Harlan Updegrafp, Bureau of Education, 1912. 



''There are two fundamental questions in a comparative study of 
the school expenses of cities aside from those of the relations of 
total school expenses to population and to other city expenses: 
First, are the expenses distributed as in other cities ? Second, how 
do the unit costs for the various kinds of expenses compare ? The 
tables in this group furnish the material for the consideration of the 
first question. 

RATIO OF EXPENSES FOR THE VARIOUS ITEMS TO TOTAL SCHOOL 

EXPENSES. 

''Certain limitations upon the value of the conclusions based upon 
these percentage tables must not be overlooked. While they pro- 
vide the most convenient method for comparing all kinds of expenses 
within a single city and the best means for comparing the distribution 
of expenses of different cities, they do not take into account the 
differences in the scale or standard of expense upon which cities 
conduct their systems. A city of low-expense standard and a city 
of high-expense standard are upon the same plane. Furthermore, 
while they do reveal every instance of disproportion or departure 
from mean percentages, it does not follow that such disproportions 
are improper, for in fact many of them can be justified. All that an 
instance of disproportion demands is that those in charge shall be 
able to make such justification. This can frequently be done by 
reference to the average-cost tables. For example, a high per- 
centage of expenses for salaries of teachers in high schools may be 

1 The monograph from which all the tables, diagrams, and quotations contained herein are taken will 
soon be issued by the Bureau of Education as Bulletin No. 5, of the 1912 series. The tables and diagrams 
retain their original numbers. The quotations are indicated by quotation marks, and the pages of the 
bulletin from which they are taken are indicated at the close of each quotation. 

The study includes 103 cities of 30,000 population or over, 13 of which, including Washington, are of 
Group I— cities of 300,000 population or over. New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Pittsburgh, and Cincin- 
nati are omitted for the reason that proper data were not available. Only G9 cities are included in the 
average cost per pupil computations; of these, 10 are in Group I. All data are for 1909. 



4 TABLES, ETC., FEOM EXPENSES OF OITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

justified partially or wholly if the average cost per pupil for that 
instruction does not vary far from the average. 

* * * * * * * 

''From all this follows the general jDrinciple that all percentage 
tables showing the distribution of expenses must be checked by 
reference to the average-cost tables and relative data. 

******* 

The standard of comparison. — If all cities had exactly the same 
conditions surrounding the conduct of public schools and if all cities 
chose to meet these conditions in just the same way, the distribution 
of expenses would be practically the same in all. But as conditions 
are not the same and as school administration varies more or less, 
what limit should be set up for determining whether a city is in 
accord with or is an exception to the prevailing practice ? The 
answer to this question is that the city which lies in the middle of 
the list of percentages arranged in order of amount may be taken as 
best representing the group, and that all expense accounts can be 
fairly called regular or proportionate if they fall in the middle 50 per 
cent of the list of percentages. Such is the standard used in this 
study. It may be found desirable, however, in applying this standard 
to some cities to include some percentages that are on the margin. 
This is due partially to the simplicity of the methods used in deter- 
mining the middle 50 per cent. 

Comparison of distribution of expenses in one city with distribution 
of expenses in other cities of the same group. — The more accurate 
method consists in computing the differences between the percentages 
of the various classes of expenses for the city and the corresponding 
medians and arranging the excesses and deficiencies in separate lists. 
As those items that vary most from the medians are of greatest 
importance, and as variation from the median to the extent of the 
limits of the middle 50 per cent may be regarded as normal, the 
computation of differences in cases wherein the city's percentage is 
within the limits of the middle 50 per cent may be for all practical 
purposes neglected.^ The following table presents the result of such 
a computation for the city of Washington : 

1 It has come to be generally accepted that the way in which to give the clearest and at the same time 
the most accurate measure of a series of numbers is to state the median of the series and the limits of the 
middle 50 per cent. In time past the arithmetical mean or average has been used for this purpose, and it 
still has its value. Nevertheless its disadvantages, especially that of the undue weight exercised by a 
number which is very large or very small as compared with the others in the series, are causing the increased 
use of the median \vherever practicable. , 

The determination of the median and of the middle 50 per cent requires first the arrangement of numbers 
or values in a series according to their amounts and then the numbering of the series, beginning with the 
lowest. The median is the amount above and below which one-half of the members of the series falls. 
In other words, it is the middle one (halfway between the two next the middle in case the number of things 
is even) of the things involved, distributed in the order of their amounts or values. Thus, if the number 
of cases or things were 17, the ninth case would be the median, because there would be 8 above and 8 below 
it. If the number of cases were 16 the median would be obtained by finding the halfway point between 
the value of case 8 and case 9. 

The middle 50 per cent is found by various methods. The method followed in this study is one of the 
simplest. By the term as it is here used is meant the two limits between which are found those cases, 
amounting to one-half the total number, that are nearest the m.edian, one-half the middle 50 per cent of 
the cases being below the median, the other half above it. For example, if the number of cases were 16, 
cases 5 to 12, inclusive, would conpose the middle 50 per cent, and the am.ounts of these cases give the 
limits of the middle £0 per cent. > i hen the number of cases is such that the upper and lower limits of 
the middle 50 per cent fall between two numbers, the halfway points between them are taken as thfe limits. 
While this method of fixing the limits of the middle 50 per cent is not in strict accord with the most refined 
technical practice, it approxim.ates the truth within fairly close limits. 



TABLES,, ETC., FROM EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 5 

Table 2. — Differences between the various percentages that lie outside the middle 50 per 
cent, and the median percentages for the same items, for Washington, D. C. 









Amount 












Num- 




of 




Num- 




Amount 


Rank. 


ber 
of 


Deficiencies. 


deficien- 
cies 


Rank. 


ber 
of 


Excesses. 


of excess 
above 




cases. 




below 
median. 


9 


eases. 




median. 


3 


11 


Superintendent's office 


0.23 


11 


Supervision of elementary 


1.62 


2 


13 


Salaries of elementary 


7.41 






schools. 








school teacbers. 




10 


13 


Textbooks, stationery, and 


.83 


3 


11 


Repairs and replacements 
of equipment, elemen- 


.30 






supplies of elementary 
schools. 








tary schools. 




13 


13 


Fuel, elementary schools. . 


.75 


3 


12 


Evening schools 


1.04 


12 


12 


Repairs to buildings, ele- 
mentary schools. 


3.69 


1 


9 


Truant officers and police. 


.32 








2 


8 


Payments to schools and 
institutions. 


.47 


12 


13 


Salaries of secondary 
school teachers. 


3.65 










8 


8 


Supervision of secondary 
schools. 


.81 










10 


10 


Apparatus and manual- 
training equipment, sec- 
ondary schools. 


.33 










11 


12 


Repairs to buildings, 
secondary schools. 


.27 










11 


12 


Rent 


.86 









DEFICIENCIES 



^GENERAL CONTROL 



>-EVENING SCHOOLS 



^MISCELLANEOUS 
[ EXPENSES 



EiG. 1. — Differences between the various percentages of total expenses that lie outside the limits 
of the middle 50 per cent and the median percentages for the same items, for Washington, 
D. C, based on Table 2. 

"Having arranged the facts in tabular form and illustrated them by 
a diagram similar to the above, the next step in a rational considera- 
tion of such facts is to determine in which cases such differences from 
the normal percentages are justifiable. For, as has been said, pecu- 
liar conditions in many cases may either justify large percentages or 
require the keeping of expenses v/ithin low amounts. In order that 
this process may be more clearly understood, a possible explanation 
of the variations in the case of Washington is here presented. 

"Let us start with the percentage in Table 2 that shows the largest 
deficiency — salaries of elementary school teachers. It has been said 
above that a high percentage for salaries of teachers would be justi- 
fied if the average cost per pupil were near the normal. It is likewise 
true that a low percentage for salaries of teachers could not be con- 
sidered as contrary to the best interests of the schools if the average 



6 TABLES^ ETC., FKOM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS/^ 

costs for salaries were not below the normal. The average costs for 
elementary teachers m Washington is $21.24, or 88 cents above the 
median, as shown in Table 29. The deficienc}^ in percentage of total 
expenses may not, therefore, be considered as unreasonable or con- 
trary to the best interests of the schools. Such contrast of a rela- 
tively low percentage of total expenses on the one hand and of a 
relatively high average cost on the other presents an interesting sit- 
uation. Unusually large amounts must have been spent for other 
purposes than salaries of elementary teachers m order to make so 
high an average cost appear so small in the percentage tables or else 
the number of pupils per teacher must have been unusually small. 
As the attendance statistics show the number of pupils per teach-er 
to be only slightly below the normal, it follows that certain other 
expenses must be unusually high. The excess side of Table 2 seems 
to bear out this conclusion." (Pp. 12-15.) 

The largest excesses in Table 2 are supervision of elementary schools 
and repairs to buildings. 

''Let us now turn to those items in which excesses appear in order 
to see whether they may be justified. Table 51 shov/s that the aver- 
age cost per pupil for salaries of teachers in secondary schools lies 
next to the median cost. Table 31 shows that the enrollment in 
secondary schools is larger than that of any city in the group except 
Chicago. It would seem, therefore, as though the large percentage 
for this purpose was entirely justified. A larger percentage for super- 
vision of elementary and secondary schools is unavoidable in Washing- 
ton because of the duplication of positions and salaries in the schools 
for white and colored pupils. The school buildings of Washington 
are for the most part small buildings — the eight-room building being 
the most frequent. This naturally increases the cost of operation 
and maintenance. It would seem, however, since repairs and fuel 
for elementary school buildings cost more proportionately than in any 
other city, and since repairs of secondary school buildings cost more 
than in any other city but one, that economy could be brought about 
in these particulars. The same may be said with regard to rent, for 
Baltimore, whose expenditures in this line are notorious, is the only 
city whose percentage exceeds Washington's. Coming back again 
to the deficiency side of the table, small appropriations for evening 
schools have led a number of teachers to give their services volunta- 
rily, and small appropriations for truant officers have led to voluntary 
activities in this regard as well. The figures demonstrate the need 
of increased appropriations for these last two purposes in order that 
Washington may have an organization which approximates the 
standard of other cities." (Pp. 15-16.) 

AVERAGE COSTS PER PUPIL. 

"One danger in using average costs deserves attention. If a city 
has a low average cost for any particular purpose as compared with 
other cities, the natural tendency is to say at once without reference 
to other items of expense that the amount expended for that purpose 
should be increased up to the normal amount for cities of that same 
class. Take the average amount per pupil expended for salaries of 
teachers in the elementary schools of Baltimore — $13.75. The table 
shows that this is the lowest average cost for this purpose of all 



TABLES;, ETC., FROM '' EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 7 

cities in the group. Those who are interested in this one item might 
very likely go no further in their study of school expenses, but would 
conclude "at once that a clear case had been made out in favor of 
increasing the amount paid teachers in elementary schools as much 
as $6.41 per pupil, in which circumstance the amount expended 
would be the median or average cost for the group. Continuing with 
the example referred to in the paragraph above, the percentage 
tables tell us that the proportion of school moneys paid to the ele- 
mentary teachers of Baltimore is much larger than the median 
amount for cities of the same group, and that 8 of the 13 cities devote 
a less percentage to this purpose. 

''Tliis does not mean that the salaries should not be raised, for they 
should. The salary schedule for the elementary schools in Baltimore 
is among the lowest of all the largest cities in the country. But it 
does mean that there are other features of the operation and main- 
tenance of the schools of Baltimore which must not be overlooked. 

"The items that should receive the greatest attention in such a 
balancing between expenditures are those which are lowest or highest 
comparatively in relation to the percentages of other cities. Balti- 
more percentages for supervision and for wages of janitors are the 
lowest for all the cities. Admitting that the salaries of elementary 
teachers are too low, is it in this item that the increased expenditures 
are needed most in order to bring about the maintenance of the best 
school system, and in order to recompense all who are serving it in a 
manner Vhich most nearly approaches equitable amounts ? As deter- 
mined by the standard set by cities of the same class the answer is 
'No.' Baltimore needs to spend more money for supervision before 
spending more money for teachers in order to have the best-balanced 
system, and should in equity pay more to her janitors before increasing 
the salaries of her teachers. But the need for increasing the salaries of 
teachers from the absolute point of view is certainly clear; the figures 
merely prove that the items of supervision and wages of janitors need 
it more. The final conclusion of the whole matter is that Baltimore, 
in order to put her school system on a plane of efficiency as high as 
other cities, must increase her income for schools up to the point where 
normal expenditures may be made for all these purposes. 

The conclusion of all this discussion is that action should never be 
based on a comparison of average costs alone, and that the percentage 
tables furnish a proper corrective. The ideal is to keep total average 
costs and percentages of total expenses as near the medians as possible 
and within the limit of the middle 50 per cent, making due allowance 
for local conditions which may rightfully cause extreme variations. 

Average cost per pupil for school purposes also has very direct 
relations" with the average cost per population (ratio of school expense 
to population) and the ratio of school expenses to expenses of the city 
as a whole. 

>|; ***** * 

The average cost in one city for any one Idnd of expenses may be 
compared with the average costs of other cities in the same group by 
noting its relation to the median and the middle 50 per cent.^ 
A logical outcome of such a comparison is the estimation of the 
amount of increased resources that would be required to bring an 
expense in any city up to the median, or vice versa, of the amount 

1 See note, p. 4. 



8 TABLES^ ETC., FROM EXPE^-SES OP OTTY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

that would have to be deducted in order to bring the expense down 
to the median. This may be done by obtaining tiie difference be- 
tween the median average cost of the city anrl multiplying it by the 
number of pupils enrolled. (See Table 32.) 

"As an example, let us continue the discussion of the average cost of 
salaries of elementary teachers in Baltimore. The average cost per 
pupil for this purpose was S13.95, while the median average cost for 
the group was $20.36. The difference, S6.41, multiplied by the 
enrollment — 76,500, approximately — gives close to $500,000 as the 
additional amount required to bring Baltimore's expenses up to the 
median of the cities of group I. 

"Table 5 gives a comparison of average costs of different kinds of 
expenses of elementarj^ schools in Baltimore with median expenses of 
group I, together with computation of amounts necessary to bring 
Baltimore's expenses up to the standard of other cities. The enroll- 
ment is figured as 76,500 ill every item." ^ (Pp. 20-22.) 

Table 5. — Comparison of school expenses of Baltimore viith those of other cities} 



Items. 



Total expenses 

Salaries, teachers' 

, Supervision 

Janitors', engineers', etc. , salaries 

Janitors' supplies and sundry expenses of maintenance 

and operation 

Libraries 

Apparatus and manual-training equipment 

■Repairs and replacement of equipment 



Median 
average 
costs, all 
cities in 
Group I. 



%2%. 54 



20.36 . 
.365 
1.73 



Baltimore's 

average 
costs, 



S18. 71 



13. 95 

.04 

1.32 

Trace. 
.00 
.03 
.14 



Differences 



$7.83 



6.41 
.325 
.41 

.37 
.05 
.06 
.06 



Increased 
expense 
required. 



$600,000 



500,000 
25,000 
34,000 

28, 000 
4,000 
4,500 
4,500 



TOTAL SCHOOL EXPENSES COMPARED WITH POPULATION, TOTAL CITY 
EXPENSES, AND EXPENSES FOR POLICE DEPARTMENT. 

Washington has the highest school expenses per capita of popula- 
tion of the 13 cities of 300,000 or more inhabitants in 1909; that is, 
the ratio of school expenses to population, 6.40. (See Tables 8 
and 31.) 

Of 103 cities compared Washington is among the four cities from 
6 to 6.49, there being 99 cities below the group from 6 to 6.49. 

In the ratio of school expenses to total city expenses Washington 
ranks 8 out of the 13 cities cited above, and out of the 103 cities is 
one of 10 cities from 0.25 to 0.299, there being 15 cities below and 78 
above; that is, with a higher percentage of the total city expenses. 

In the ratio of school expenses to expenses for police Washington 
ranks 6 out of the 13 cities (1.86), and among the 103 cities is one of 
the 8 cities from 1.50 to 1.99, there being 8 below and 87 above. 



1 This table was prepared by the author for the commission appointed to study the system of education 
in the public schools of Baltimore. 



TABLES; ETC., FROM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL. SYSTEMS.' 



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10 TABLES^ ETC., PEOM '' EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS/" 

In order that a comparison of any city with those of the same 
group or with all may be facihtated the following tables of frequen- 
cies have been prepared: 

Table 8. — Distribution of ratios of total school expenses to population. (See Table 31.) 



Ratio. 


Number of cities. 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


Total. 


1.50 to 1.99 






3 

2 
3 
10 
8 
6 
5 
1 
2 




3 


2.00 to 2.49 






2 
5 
4 

6 
2 
3 


4 


2.50 to 2.99 


1 
1 
2 
3 
4 


3 

i 
7 
3 

2 

1 


12 


3.00 to 3.49 


15 


3.50 to 3.99 


20 


4.00 to 4. 49 


22 


4.50 to 4.99 


14 


5.00 to 5. 49 


g 


6.50 to 5.99 




3 










Below Washington group 


99 




2 




2 






6.00 to 6.49 (Washington, 6.40) 


4 











Table 9. — Distribution of ratios of school expenses to total city expenses. (See Table SI.) 



Ratio. 




Number of cities. 




Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


Total. 


.15 to .199 






3 
2 


1 

2 


4 


.20 to .249 


5 


2 


11 






Below Washington group 


15 




4 

2 
2 


2 

8 
4 
3 
1 


3 

11 
6 
10 

7 


1 

7 
7 
4 
3 
3 




.25 to .299 


10 






.30 to .349 


28 


.35 to .399 


*' 19 


.40 to .449 


17 


.50 to .549 




11 


.55 to .599 




3 












Above Washington group 


78 













Table 10. — Distribution of ratios of school expenses to expenses for police. (See Table SI.) 



Ratio. 


Number of cities. 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


Total. 


1.00 to 1.49 


3 




4 


1 


8 








Below Washington group 


8 




3 

2 
3 
1 


3 

3 
4 
5 
1 
1 
1 




2 

2 
1 
4 
2 
3 
3 
3 
1 
4 




1.50 to 1.99 


8 




6 
6 
6 
6 
4 
4 
2 
1 
1 




2.00 to 2.49 


13 


2.50 to 2.99 


14 


3.00 to 3.49 


16 


3.50 to 3.99 


9 


4.00 to 4.49 


1 


9 


4.50 to 4.99 


g 


o.00to6.49 




5 


5.50 to 6.99 






2 


6.00 to 6.49 




1 


6 


G.50 to 6.99 






7.00 to 7.49 




1 


2 




3 


7.50 to 7.99 




1 
1 


1 


8.00 to 8.49 








1 












Above Washington group 


87 















TABLES^ ETC.^ FROM EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



11 



A comparison of the three ratios for each of the various cities 
reveals a tendency of cities to maintain the same relationship to 
other cities in all three respects. 

The two tables given below (Tables 11 and 12) bring together 
certain facts relating to the cities at the lower and upper ends of 
the distribution of the three ratios in Table 31. The first table 
assembles the facts relating to the ranks and the second is based 
upon it giving instead of the ranks the location of each city as 
regards the quartiles in the distribution. 

Table 11. — Showing for those cities lohich are included in the loivest and highest quar- 
tiles of the distribution of ratios of school expenses to population {cost per capita) in 
each group, the rank of the same cities as regards ratio of school expenses to total city 
expenses, and ratio of school expenses to expenses for police. {See Table SI.) 





Rank. 


Cities in highest quartile. 


Rank. 


Cities in lowest quartile. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 

to 
popula- 
tion. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 
to total 
city ex- 
penses. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 
to ex- 
penses 

for 
police. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 

to 
popula- 
tion. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 
to total 
city ex- 
penses. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 
to ex- 
penses 

for 
police. 


Oroup 1^13 cities. 
New Orleans, La 


1 
2 
3 

1 
2 
3 

4 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 


2 
5 

6 

1 
5 
2 
7 
3 

3 
1 
5 
2 

4 
16 
14 
11 
24 
18 
28 

2 
1 
13 

4 

8 

16 

20 


12 
3 

8 

2 
7 
4 
8 
4 

2 

3 

1 

4 

14 

10 

6 

18 

31 

7 

33 

1 
4 
5 
6 

10 
3 

16 


Group I— IS cities, 
Washington, D. C 


13 

11 

20 
19 

18 
17 
16 

40 
39 
38 
37 
36 
35 
34 
33 
32 
31 

27 
27 
26 
25 
24 
23 
22 


8 

10 
13 

19 
10 
18 
9 
13 

20 
38 
37 
15 
22 
35 
19 
29 
13 
6 

24 
17 
19 
27 

5 
24 

7 


6 


Baltimore, Md 


9 


Milwaukee, AVis 


Minneapolis, Minn 

Group 11—20 cities. 
Spokane, Wash 


13 


Group II— MO cities. 
MempViis, Tenn 


20 


Nashville, Term 


Oakland, Cal 


14 


■Rirminp-ha.Tn, Ala 


Grand Rapids, Mich 

Cambridge, Mass 


18 


St. Paul, Minn 

Albany, N.Y 


11 

17 


Group III— 42 cities. 
Jacksonville, Fla 


Group III— 42 cities. 


30 


Charleston, S. 

Savannah, Ga 


Des Moines, Iowa 

Bayoime, N. J 


39 
26 


Norfolk, Va 




20 


Manchester, N . H 




34 


Covington, Ky 


Saginaw, Mich 


37 


Wilmington, Del 




25 


Dallas, Tex 


Camden, N. J 

Holyoke, Mass 


15 


Reading, Pa 


23 


EUzabeth, N. J 




16 


Wif^hi'ta., TTans 


Group IV— 28 cities. 
Davenport, Iowa.. 




Group IV— 28 cities. 

Chattanooga, Tenn 

Kjioxville, Term 


15 


Maiden, Mass 


17 


Ne'wport, Ky 




10 


Woonsocket, R.I 


Topeka, Kans . 


28 


Dubuque, Iowa 


Pueblo, Colo 

Sioux City, Iowa 

Haverhill, Mass 


12 


Little Rock, Ark 


20 


Lancaster, Pf) . 


15 









12 TABLES, ETC., FEOM " EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS/' 

Table 12. — Showing, for those cities which lie in the lowest and highest quartiles in the 
distribution of ratio of school expenses to populatiofi (cost per capita) in each group, the 
number of cases in which their ratios of school expenses to city expenses and of school 
expenses to expenses of police fall in each of the four quartiles of those distributions. (See 
Table 31.) 

I. CITIES WHOSE COSTS PER CAPITA LIE IN THE LOWEST OR FIRST QUARTILE OF 
RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO POPULATION. 





Num- 
ber of 
cities. 


Ratio of school expenses to total 
city expenses. 


Ratio of school expenses to police 
expenses. 


Cities of— 


First 
quar- 
ter. 


Second 
quar- 
ter. 


Third 
quar- 
ter. 


Fourth 
quar- 
ter. 


First 
quar- 
ter. 


Second 
quar- 
ter. 


Third 
quar- 
ter. 


Fourth 
quar- 
ter. 


Group I 


3 
5 
11 

7 


1 
4 
6 
3 


2 
1 
3 
2 






1 
3 

7 
5 


2 

2 

1 


2 




Group II 








Group III 

Group IV 


2 
2 




2 

1 








Total 


26 


14 


8 


4 




16 


5 


5 









II. CITIES WHOSE COSTS PER CAPITA LIE IN THE HIGHEST OR FOURTH QUARTILE 
OF RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSE^ TO POPULATION. 


Group I 


3 
5 
10 

7 




1 


1 
2 
2 
2 


1 
3 
3 
3 




1 


1 
2 

4 
4 


1 


Group II 


3 


Group III 


1 
2 


4 




3 

2 


3 


Group IV 


1 






Total 


25 


3 


5 


7 


10 




6 


11 


8 







"These tables indicate that cities wMch give low amounts per capita 
to schools do not generally reduce correspondingly the costs of their 
municipal governments in general and of their police departments so 
that the ratio of school expenses to these expenses will be m£j,in- 
tained near the median/ and that cities wliich pay large amounts per 
capita for schools do not as a rule maintain their city governments at 
such a liigh rate of expense as to bring the ratio of school expenses to 
total city expenses and of school expenses to police down near the 
median. In other words, expenses for schools and other city expenses 
are largely dissociated. Those considerations which prompt a cutting 
down in school expenses do not produce reductions in city expenses, 
and increases in school expenses do not cause augmentation in 
amounts spent for other purposes. 

This may be due in part to the separation in many cities of the 
organs of local government for education and for other civil purposes. 
While the problem can not be entered upon in this study there seems 
to be a tendency in favor of cities with departments of education 
making low appropriations for school purposes wdthout paring down 
other expenses; while those cities in which the schools are under 
the control of independent districts spend relatively large amounts 
for educational purposes. The wisdom or unwisdom of either form 
of administration can not be discussed here. It may be said in 
passing, however, that one of the most important considerations in 
this particular matter is the efficiency of the schools in the various 
cities under the two forms of organization. 

1 See note, p. 4. 



TABLES^ ETC., FEOM EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



13 



Comparison of percentages hy groups. — The following conclusions 
are apparent from an inspection of the median and the limits of the 
middle 50 per cent of each group : ^ 

1. The larger the city the greater is the expense per capita of 
population for maintaining schools. 

2. The larger the city the smaller is the ratio of school expenses 
to total city expenses. 

3. The larger the city the smaller is the ratio of school expenses to 
expenses for the police department. 

From the above it may be drawn that while expenses for schools 
per capita of population increase with the size of the cities they do 
not as a rule increase so much as other city expenses" (pp. 33-35). 



Table 13. — Showing for each ratio the 5 cities in the entire list of 103 cities that stand 
loivest and the 5 that stand highest, together with the amounts of the ratios. {See 
Table SI.) 

RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO POPULATION. 



Lowest ratios. 


Highest ratios. 


Cities. 


Ratios. 


Cities. 


Ratios. 


Jacksonville, Fla 


1.74 

1.78 
1.94 
2.04 
2.21 


Washington, D. C 


6.40 


Charleston, S. 


Springfield, Mass 


6.09 




Newark, N. J 


6.02 






6.01 


Norfolk, Va 


Spokane, Wash 


5.84 









RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO TOTAL CITY EXPENSES. 



Savannah, Ga 

Charleston, S. C 

Norfolk, Va 

JacksonvillefFla. . . 
San Francisco, Cal. 




Joplia, Mo 

Topeka, Kans.., 

York, Pa 

Seranton, Pa 

New Castle, Pa. 



0.530 
.530 
.509 
.498 
.492 



RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO EXPENSES FOR POLICE. 



Savannah, Ga 

Jacksonville, Fla. . . 
Charleston, S.C.... 

Norfolk, Va 

San Francisco, Cal. 




Topeka, Kans 

Racine, Wis 

Passaic, N. J 

Oklahoma City, Okla. 
Spokane, Wash 



8.04 
7.92- 
7.45 
7.23 
7.07 



Of the 103 cities, Washington is highest among the liighest five 
cities in expense per capita of population and below the median^ in 
proportion to police and just above the median in proportion to total 
city expenses; hence the whole city government is maintained at a 
high rate of expense. 

RATIO OF VARIOUS ITEMS OF SCHOOL EXPENSES FOR ALL SCHOOLS 
COMBINED TO TOTAL SCHOOL EXPENSES. 

In ratio of teachers' salaries to total expense of schools, Washington 
out of the 13 cities ranks fourth from the lowest ratio, 9 being higher 
(66.8). Of the 103 cities Washington is 1 of 17 cities between 65 
and 67.4, there being 30 paying a lower ratio of the whole expense 
than the 17, and 56 paying a higher ratio. 



1 See note, p. 4. 



14 TABLES;, ETC., FROM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS/' 

In the ratio of expense for supervision of all classes of schools to 
entire expense of schools among the 13 cities Washington ranks 9 
from the lowest, only 4 being higher (4.12). Of the 85 cities Wash- 
ington is 1 of 5 from 4 to 4.99, there being 62 paying a lower, and 18 
paying a higher ratio. 

In text-books, stationery and school supplies, Wasliington ranks 
tenth from lowest, only 3 being liigher (4.11). Of the 103 cities, 
Washington is one of 12 from 4 to 4.99, there being 60 lower and 29 
higher. 

In fuel, of the 13 Washington ranks 12 from the lowest, there being 
only 1 above, Milwaukee (3.64). Of the 101 Washington is one of 
26 from 3 to 3.99, there being 39 lower and 36 higher. 

In repairs to buildings, out of 12, Washington ranks highest (9.31). 

In instruction, operation, and maintenance of all schools, Wash- 
ington ranks out of the 13 cities next to the highest (96.29). 

Among the 103 cities, Washington ranks 1 of 14 from 96 to 97.99, 
there being 1 above and 102 below. 



TABLES^ ETC.;, FEOM EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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16 TABLES, ETC., EKOM " EXPENSES OF OITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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TABLES, ETC., FKOM EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



17 



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S. Doc. 431, 62-2- 



18 TABLES,, ETC, FEOM '' EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



" The accompanying tables of distribution of percentages for the 
most important items for the entire hst of cities make possible a 
comparison which shows more definitely the relation of any city to 
every other city as regards one particular item of expense. For 
example, suppose we wish to ascertain the relative position of Balti- 
more as regards the per cent of total expenses devoted to salaries 
of elementary teachers. By referring to Table 24, column 1, we note 
that the per cent for this purpose is 58.5. Then, by consulting Table 
,4 below, we ascertain that this per cent lies in the eighth step; that 
there are 18 cities in all having per cents lying between 57.50 and 
59.99; and that 66 cities have per cents lower than 57.50 and 17 cities 
have higher per cents than 59.99." (Page 17.) 

Table 4. — Distribution of percentages of total school expenses expended for various 

pur])oses. 
G. SALARIES OF TEACHERS OF ALL SCHOOLS. (See Table 27, column 1.) 



Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 
of cities. 

1 

4 

1 

10 

14 


. Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 
of cities. 


62.5 to 54.9 


67.5 to 69.9.. 


22 


55.0 to 57.4 


70.0 to 72.4 


17 


57.5 to 59.9 


72.5 to 74.9 


11 


60.0 to 62.4 


75.0 to 77.4 


2 


62.5 to 64.9 : 


77.5 to 80.0 


2 




Above 80 


2 




30 








56 


65. to 67. 4 


17 









H. SUPERVISION OF ALL SCHOOLS. (See Table 27, column 2.) 




Less than 1.00 


15 
24 
18 
5 
5 


6.00 to 6.99 


9 


1.00 to 1.99 


7.00 to 7.99 


2 


2.00 to 2.99 


8.00 to 8.99 . . 


2 


3.00 to 3.99 


9.00 to 9.99 


3 


4. 00 to 4. 99 


10.00 and over 


5 






Lower than Washington 


62 


18 








5.00 to 5.99 


4 









I. TEXTBOOKS, STATIONERY, AND SCHOOL SUPPLIES OF ALL SCHOOLS. (See Table 

27, columns.) 



Less than 1.00 


9 

17 
17 
17 


5.00 to 5.99 


14 


1.00 to 1.99 


6.00 to 6.99 


8 


2.00 to 2.99 


7.00 to 7.99 


5 


3.00 to 3.99 


8.00 to 8.99 


1 




9.00 to 9 99 


1 




60 








29 


4, 00 to 4. 99 


12 









J. FUEL FOR ALL SCHOOLS. (See Table 27, column 5.) 




Less than 1.00 


5 
12 
22 
26 


5.00 to 5.99. . 


13 


1.00 to 1.99 


6.00 to 6.99 


1 


2.00 to 2.99 


7.00 to 7.99 


3 


3. 00 to 3. 99 


8.00 to 8.99 


1 




Higher than Washington 




Lower than Washington 


39 


36 








4.00 to 4.99 


18 









K. INSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF ALL SCHOOLS. 

column 13.) 



(See Table 27, 



Below 84.00 


1 

2 
1 

3 

7 


92.00 to 93.99. . . 


28 


84.00 to 85.99 


94.00 to 95.99 


46 


86.00 to 87.99 


96.00 to 97.99 


14 


88.00 to 89.99 


98.00 to 100.00 . 


1 


9 .00 to 91.99 











TABLES^ ETC.^ FEOM ' EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



19 



RATIO OF VARIOUS ITEMS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL EXPENSE TO 

TOTAL EXPENSES. 



In the ratio of salaries of elementary teachers to total expenses, out 
of the 13 cities Washington ranks second from lowest (50.58); is below 
tlie middle 50 per cent/ and is one of 16 cities of the 103 from 50 to 
52.49, there being 21 below and 66 above. 

In the salaries of the elementary supervisors Washington ranks 
among 1 1 cities ninth from the lowest, above the middle 50 per cent 
of the cities. 

In textbooks, stationery, and general school supplies, out of the 13 
cities Washington ranks eleventh from lowest (3.61) and is above the 
middle 50 per cent of the cities. 

In janitors, engineers, and firemen, among the 13 Washington ranks 
fifth from lowest (4.27), within the middle 50 per cent of the cities. 

In fuel, among the 13 Washington ranks thirteenth, the very highest 
(3.23), and above the middle 50 per cent of the cities. 

In repairs to buildings, among the 12 cities Washington ranks 
highest (8.44), and above the middle 50 per cent of the cities. 

In total expense of elementary schools, out of the 13 cities Wash- 
ington ranks third from the lowest (74.58) ; out of 103 cities Wasfi- 
ington is one of 16 cities from 72.50 to 74.99, there being 23 below 
and 64 above the group from 72.50 to 74.99. 

Table 4. — Distribution of percentage of total school expenses expendedfor various purposes. 
G. SALARIES OF ELEMENTARY TEACHERS. (See Table 24, column 1.) 



Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 
of cities. 


Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 
of cities. 


Below 42.50 


1 
2 
9 
9 


55.00 to 57.49 


9 


42.50 to 44.99 


57.50 to 59.99 


18 


45.00 to 47.49 


60.00 to 62.49 


9 


47.50 to 49.99 


62.50 to 64.99 


5 




65 00 to 67 49 


3 


Lower than Washington 


21 


Above 67.50 


2 








60.00 to 52.49 


16 


66 








52.50 to 54.99 


20 









D. TOTAL EXPENSES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. (See Table 24, column 13.) 



Below 65.00.. 
65.00 to 67.49. 
67.50 to 69.99. 
70.00 to 72.49. 



Lower than Washington. 
72.50 to 74.99 



75.00 to 77.49. 
77.50 to 79.99. 
80.00 to 82.49. 
82.50 to 84.99. 
85.00 to 87.49. 



Higher than Washington 



64 



1 See note, p. 4. 



20 TABLES^ ETC., FEOM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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22 TABLES^ ETC.; FKOM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHQOL SYSTEMS.' ' 

RATIO OF VARIOUS ITEMS OF SECONDARY-SCHOOL EXPENSE TO TOTAL 

EXPENSE. 



In the ratio of the salaries of secondary teachers to the whole 
expense among the 13 cities, Washington ranks twelfth from the 
lowest (14.11) and above the middle 50 per cent of the cities.^ 
Among 102 cities Washington is 1 of 17 cities from 14 to 15.99, there 
being 12 above the group and 73 below. (The absolute enroll- 
ment of the secondary schools is greater than that of any city in the 
group except Chicago, which makes the cost per pupil for secondary 
salaries below the median, as shown by the tables following.) 

In salaries of supervisors among the 8, Washington ranks highest 
(1.18) and above the middle 50 per cent of the cities.^ 

In textbooks, stationery, and general school supplies among the 
13, Washington ranks fourth from lowest and within the middle 
50 per cent of the cities (0.33).^ (Free textbooks are provided in 
the grades, but not in the high schools.) 

In janitors, engineers, and firemen among the 13, Washington 
ranks fourth (0.69) and within the middle 50 per cent of the cities.^ 

In fuel among the 13, Washington ranks ninth from the lowest 
(0.41) and within the middle fifties, there being only 3 higher. 

In repairs to buildings among the 12, Washington ranks next to 
the highest (0.86) and above the middle fifties. 

In total expenses among 13 cities, Washington is twelfth from 
lowest (18.80) ; among 103 cities Washington is 1 of 21 cities from 
17.50 to 19.99, there being 17 higher and 65 lowei*. 

Table 4. — Distribution of percentages of total school expenses expended for various 

purposes. 

E. SALARIES OF SECONDARY TEACHERS. (See Table 25, column 1.) 



Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 

of 

cities. 


Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 

of 

cities. 


Below 6.00 


2 

7 

18 
26 
20 


14.00 to 15.99 


17 


6.00 to 7.99 


16.00 to 17.99 




8.00 to 9.99 


9 


10.00 to 11.99 


18.00 


3 


12.00 to 13.99 








12 


Lower than Washington 


73 











E. TOTAL EXPENSES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS. (See Table 25, column 13.) 




7.50 to 9.99 


8 
14 
22 
21 


17.50 to 19.99 




21 


10.00 to 12.49 


20.00 to 22.49 


8] 


12.50 to 14.99 


22.50 to 24.99. 


l\l 


15.00 to 17.49 


25.00 to 27.50 


2 




Higher than Washington 




Lower than Washington 


65 




17 









1 See page 4. (Bulletin No. 4.) 



TABLES^ ETC.^ FEOM EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS.' 



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24 TABLES, ETC., EEOM '' EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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TABLES^ ETC., PROM EXPENSES OF OITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



25 



AVERAGE COST PER PUPIL ENROLLED FOR VARIOUS ITEMS OF ELE- 
MENTARY SCHOOL EXPENSE. 



In the salaries of the elementary-school teachers among the 10 
cities compared, Washington ranks eighth ($21.24); among 68 cities, 
Washington is one of four cities from $21 to $21.99, there being 61 
with a lower average cost per pupil and 3 haAdng a higher. 

In supervision among the 8 cities, Washington ranks seventh ($1 .06), 
and among 52 cities Washington is one of four from $1 to $1.19, there 
being 39 low^er and 9 higher. 

In textbooks, stationery, and general school supplies among the 
10 cities, Washington ranks ninth from lowest ($1.52), and among 
68 cities is one of five from $1.40 to $1.59, there being 55 below and 
8 above. 

In janitors, engineers, and firemen among 10 cities, Wasliington 
ranks sixth ($1.79), and among 69 cities is one of 10 from $1.60 to 
$1.79, there being 30 below and 29 above. 

In fuel among 10 cities, Wasliington ranks tenth from the low^est 
($1.35), and among 68 cities is one of six cities from $1.20 to $1.39, 
there being 54 lower and 8 higher. 

In repairs to buildings among 9 cities, Washington ranks ninth 
($3.55), and among 63 cities is the only city from $3.40 to $3.60, 
there being none above and 62 below. 

In total cost of elementary schools among 10 cities, Wasliington 
ranks ninth ($31.32), and among 69 cities is one of two between $31 
and $31.99, there being 1 above and 66 below. 

Table 6. — Distribution of average costs, per pupil enrolled, of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of elementary schools. (See Table 29.) 

A. SALARIES OF TEACHERS. 



Average costs. 


Cities of— 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All cities. 


$8-$8.99 








1 


1 


S9-S9.99 










f 10-$10.99 




1 


1 
1 
2 
4 
5 
2 
4 
1 
1 
2 
1 


2 


4 


S11-S11.99 




1 


$12-$12.99 




1 


3 
2 
3 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 


6 


$13-$13.99 


i' 

1 


7 


gl4-$14.99 


1 
1 

I 
3 

2 
I 


10 


$15-S15.99 


3 


$16-$16.99 


■ 


7 


S17-$17.99 




5 


$18-$18.99 


1 


6 


$19-$19.99 


5 


f20-S20.99 


4 


6 










61 




2 




2 

1 






$21-$21.99 


4 










$22-$22.99 


1 


$23-423.99 . . .... 










$24-$24.99 




1 






1 


$25-825.99 . . . ... 










$26-327. . 


1 








1 












Higher than Washington . 


3 















26 TABLES;, ETC.;, FEOM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS/" 

Table 6. — Distribution of average costs, per pupil enrolled, of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of elementary schools. {See Table 29.) — 
Continued. 

B. SUPERVISION. 



Average costs. 


Cities of— 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All cities. 


Below $0.20 


2 
2 
2 


I 

1 
1 


2 

7 
2 
3 


1 
7 
1 
2 


g 


$0.20-S0.39. ... 


19 


$0.40-$0.59 




$0.60-S;0.79 


6 


$0.80-.$0.99 


















Lower than Washington 


39 




1 




2 


1 




$1-$1.19 


4 








$1.20-$1.39 




$1.40-«1.59 




1 




1 


2 


$1.00-$1.79. 








$1.S0-$1.99 


1 






1 


2 


S2-$2.19 




1 
1 
1 


1 


$2.20-$2.39 








1 


$2.40-$2.S9 








1 


$2.60-$2.79 




1 




1 


S2.80-$2.99 










S3-$3.20 






1 




1 












Higher than Washington 


9 















C. TEXTBOOKS, STATIONERY, AND GENERAL SUPPLIES. 



Below $0.20 


1 

1 
1 


2 
1 
3 
4 
2 


5 

1 
1 
5 
3 
2 
7 
1 


3 
1 
3 
1 
2 
2 
2 


7 


S0.20-S0.39 


4 


$0.40-$0.59 


12 


80.60-$0.79 


8 


80.80-$0.99 


4 

1 


10 


$1-11.19 


10 


$1.20-$1.39 


1 


4 








Lower than Washington 


55 




1 




2 
2 
1 

1 


2 

1 




$1.4M1.59 


5 




1 
1 




$1. C0-$1.79 


4 


S1.80-$1.99 


1 


3 


$2-$2.20 




1 












Higher than Washington 


8 















D. SALARIES OF JANITORS, ENGINEERS, AND FIREMEN. 



80.40-$0.59 






1 




1 


$0.60-$0.79 










$0.80-$0.99 




2 


2 
4 
2 
5 


3 
1 

1 
1 


7 


$1-$1.19 




5 


81.20-S1.39 


3 

1 


2 
2 


8 


$1.40-11.59 


9 








30 




2 

1 


2 

1 
3 

1 


4 

4 
2 
2 


2 

3 
6 




$1.60-$1.79 


10 






S1.80-$1.99 


g 


82-$2.19 


11 


S2.20-S2.39 


1 
1 


4 


82.40-S2.59 




1 


$2.60-S2.79 . 




1 




1 


S2.80-$2.99 










S3-S3.19 - . . .. 




2 






2 


83.20-83.40 


1 






1 














29 















TABLES, ETC., FEOM EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



27 



Table 6. — Distribution of average costs, per pupil enrolled, of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of elementary schools. {See Table 29. ) — 
Continued. 



E. FUEL. 



Average costs. 


Cities of— 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group in. 


Group IV. 


All Cities. 


Below $0.20 








! 

3 
2 


1 


$0.20-$0.39 


2 

1 
4 
2 


4 
2 
1 

1 
2 


3 
4 
6 

8 


10 


$0.40-$0.59 


10 


$0.60-$0.79 


13 


«0.80-S0.99 


14 


$l-f 1 .19 


3 1 


6 












Lower than ■VVashington 


64 




1 


3 
2 




2 




$1.20-$1.39 


6 




1 

2 




$1.40-$1.59 


5 


$1.60-81.80 




3 










Higher than Washington 


8 




1 







F. REPAIRS OF BUILDINGS. 



-$1.19. 
20-$l. 
40-$l. 



$0.20-$0. 
$0.40-$0. 
$0.60-$0. 



-$2.19. 
20-$2.; 
40-$2.. 
60-$2.' 
80-$2.' 
-$3.19. 
20-$3.: 



Lower than Washington . 
$3.40-53.60 



TOTAL EXPENSE OF INSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF ELE- 
MENTARY SCHOOLS. 



$11-$11. 
$12-S12. 
$13-$13. 
$14-$14. 
$15-$15. 
$16-$16. 
$17-$17. 
$18- $18. 
$19-$19. 
$20-$20. 
$21-$21. 
$22-$22. 
$23-$23. 
$24-S24. 
$25-$25. 
«26-$26. 
$27-$27. 
$28-$28. 
$29-$29. 
$3O-$30. 



Lower than Washington . 
$31-?31.99 



$32-$32.99. 
l33-$34... 



99 


1 


99 


1 


99 . ... 




99 . . 


1 


99 


2 


99 


1 


99 


1 


99 






Higher than Washington. 



28 TABLES, ETC., FKOM EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL. SYSTEMS.' 



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TABLES, ETC., FEOM EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS.' 



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30 TABLES^ ETC.^ FKOM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS.' 



AVERAGE COST PER PUPIL OF VARIOUS SECONDARY SCHOOL EXPENSES. 

In the salary of secondary teachers among the 10 cities Washington 
ranks sixth ($52.52); among 69 cities Washington is one of three 
cities from $52.50 to $54.99, there being 60 lower and 6 higher. 

In the salary of supervisors among the 5 cities Washington ranks 
fifth ($4.40). 

In text books, stationer}^, and general school supphes among 10 
cities Washington ranks third from the lowest ($1.23); among 64 
cities Washington is one of three from $1 to $1.49, there being 18 
below and 45 above. 

In the salary of janitors, engineers, and firemen among 10 cities 
Washington ranks second from lowest ($2.57) ; among 69 cities Wash- 
ington ranks one of six from $2.50 to $2.74, there being 26 lower and 
37 above. 

In fuel among 10 cities Washington ranks seventh from the lowest 
($1 .50) ; among 67 cities Washington is one of eight from $1 .40 to $1 .59, 
there being 36 lower and 23 higher. 

In repairs to buildings among the 9 cities Washington ranks 
sixth ($3.18); among the 54 cities Washington is one from $3 to 
$3.24, there being 46 lower and 7 higher. 

In total expenses among 10 cities Washington ranks seventh 
($69.82); among 69 cities Washington ranks one of five from $65 to 
$69.99, there being 57 lower and 7 higher. 

Table 7. — Distribution of average costs per pupil enrolled of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of secondary schools. (See Table SO.) 

A. SALARIES OF TEACHERS. 



Average costs. 


Cities of— 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All cities. 


$20-$22.49 




1 
2 


2 
1 


2 
2 
1 

5 
2 
2 


g 


$22.50-$24.99 




f 


$25-$27.49 






827.50-$29.99 






2 




$30-$32.49 


1 


i 

2 
3 

1 
1 
1 
2 




S32.50-$34.99 


6 
5 
5 


IC 


S35-$37.49 


1 


c 


«37.50-$49.99 




6 


$40-$42.99 




1 


2 


$42.50-$44.99 


1 


1 
3 


3 


545-$47.49 




6 


$47.50-$49.99 


2 




2 


$50-152.49 






1 


1 












Lower than Washington 


60 




2 
1 






1 




$52.50-554.99 


3 










$55-157.49 


1 


$57.50-$59.99 










$60-$62.49. 




1 






1 


S62.50-$64.99 


1 
1 






1 


$65-$67.49 




1 
1 




2 


$67.5(}-$70.00 






1 












Higher than Washington 


6 















TABLES,, ETC.^ FKOM EXPENSES OF CITT SCHOOL SYSTEMS.' 



31 



Table 7. — Distribution of average costs per pujril enrolled of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of secondary schools. (See Table 
50.)— Continued. 

B. TEXTBOOKS, STATIONERY, AND GENERAL SCHOOL SUPPLIES. 



Cities of- 



Average costs. 












Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All cities. 


S0.49 

$0.5(}-$0.99 


1 
1 


5 


1 
3 


3 

2 


10 
6 










Lower than Washington 




16 




1 








$1-$1.49 




2 


3 






3 
3 
1 




S1.50-$1.99 


1 2 


6 


$2-S2.49 


1 

2 
1 

1 


2 
2 
1 
1 
1 


1 
2 


7 


52.Sa-$2.99 


7 


$3-13.49 


2 


$3.50-i3.99 


4 
3 
1 

1 
1 
3 


2 


8 


$4-S4.49 


4 


$4.50-$4.99 -■ 






1 


$5-$5.49 


1 




2 


$5.5(>-$5.99 . ... 


1 
_ 1 


2 


4 


86 and over 




4 










Higher than Washington 


45 















C. SALARIES OF JANITORS, ENGINEERS, AND FIREMEN. 



.$1-$1.24... 
81.25-.S1.49. 
$1.50-81.74. 
$1.75-$1.99. 
«2-$2.24... 
$2.25-$2.49. 



Lower than Washington 
!.50-$2.74 



$2.75-$2.99.- 

$3-$3.24 

$3.2o-S3.49.. 
$3.50-13.74. . 
$3.75-$3.99.. 

, $4-$4.24 

1 $4.25-54.49. . 
V$4.50-$4.74.. 
> $4.75-$4.99.. 

< $5-$5.24 

J $5.25-$5.49.- 

, $5.50-$5.74.. 

$5.75-$5.99.- 

$6 and over . 



Higher than Washington. 



37 



D. FUEL. 



Below $0.20 




2 

2 






1 


80.20-$0.39 


1 


1 
3 

2 
2 
2 
6 




3 


$0.40-$0.59 


2 


6 


$0.60-$0.79 


1 
2 

1 


4 


$0.80-80.99 .... 


I 

1 


6 


$1-81.19 


7 


$1.20-81.39 


9 








Lower than Washington 


36 




2 
2 


1 

1 

1 
1 


3 

2 
3 

1 

1 
1 


2 

2 
1 
1 
1 
1 




51. 40-51.59 


8 






$1.60-81 .79 


6 


$1.80-41.99 


5 


82-$2.19 




3 


$2.20-$2.39 


1 


4 


«2.40-$2.59 


2 



32 TABLES^ ETC., FROM '' EXPENSES OE CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS.^' 

Table 7. — Distribution of average costs per pupil enrolled of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of secondary schools. (See Table 
SO-) — Continued. 

D. FUEL— Continued. 



Average costs. 


Cities of— 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All cities. 


$2.60-S2.79 












$2.80-$2.99 












$3 and over 




1 




2 


3 










Higher than Washington 


23 















E. REPAIRS TO BUILDINGS. 



$0.25-10.49. 
$0.50-$0.74. 
S0.75-$0.99. 
Sl-$1.24.... 
$1.25-$1.49. 
$1.50-$1.74. 
81.75-,I1.99. 
$2-$2.24.... 
$2.25-$2.49. 
$2.50-$2.74. 
$2.75-12.99. 



Lower than Washington 
.24 



$3.25-$3.49. 
$3.50-S3.74. 
$3.75-13.99. 
$4-$4.24.... 



$4.25-$4.49.. 
«4.50-.|4.74.. 
$4.75-$4.99.- 
$5 and over. 



46 



Higher than Washington. 



F. TOTAL EXPENSE OF INSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE. 



$25-$29.99 




2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
3 
1 
1 


2 


3 


7 


$30-$34 99 




1 


$35 $39 99 




1 
7 
5 
4 
2 
2 


6 
3 
2 


8 


$40-$44.99 




12 


$45-$49.99 

$50-$54.99 


2 


11 

7 


$55-$59.99 


2 
2 


1 


6 


$60-$64 99 


5 








Lower than Washington 


57 




1 

1 
2 


1 
1 


1 


2 

- 




?65-$69.99 


S 






$70-$79.99 


2 


$80-$89 99 


1 
2 




3 


$90-$100 . 






2 














7 















TABLES, ETC., PEOM " EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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34 TABLES; ETC.; FEOM EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

RELATIVE AVERAGE COSTS PER PUPIL OF ELEMENTARY AND SEC- 
ONDARY SCHOOLS. 

In the relative cost per pupil of secondary schools, based upon 
cost per pupil of elementary schools, Washington's ratio is 2.23; 
that is, for every dollar spent per pupil in the elementary schools, 
$2.23 is spent for each pupil in the secondary schools. 

In cost per pupil ratio of secondary schools to elementary schools 
among the 10 cities Washington ranks fifth from the lowest five cities, 
spending a greater relative amount and four cities a less relative 
amount; it is below the middle 50 per cent of the cities. 

Among 69 cities Washington is one of 22 cities from 2 to 2.49, 28 
being lower and 19 higher. 



TABLES, ETC., FROM EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS.' 



35 






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36 TABLES, ETC., FROM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS,'^ 

The following table of frequencies shows the distribution of the 
ratios of average cost of elementary and secondary schools: 

Table 14. — Distribution of ratios of average cost of elementary and secondary schools. 



Ratio. 


Number of cities. 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All. 


1.00 to 1.49 




1 
8 


1 

7 


1 

8 


3 


1.50 to 1.99 


2 


26 






Lower than Washington 


28 




5 
1 


4 


10 

5 
3 


3 

4 




2.00 to 2.49 


22 






2.50 to 2.99 


10 


3.00 to 3.49 


2 


5 


3.50 to 3.99 


2 


1 


3 


4.00 to 4.49 




1 


1 


4.50 to 4.99 






















Higher than Washington 


19 















1.00 



RATIO 
2.00 3.00 



4.00 





















■■ 










^^ 































































3 
25 

22 

CO 
UJ 

b '0 
o 

' 5 
; 3 
i I 



Fig. 9.-t-Ratios of average costs per pupil of secondary and elementary schools in all cities. This ratio 
may also be read as the number of dollars expended for secondary schools for each dollar expended for 
elementary schools. 

"The following table gives the names of cities in each group that are 
located at the principal points in the distribution of ratios of average 
costs of secondary and elementary schools in each group : 



TABLES; ETC.; FROM '' EXPENSES OE CITY SCHOOL. SYSTEMS. 



37 





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38 TABLES, ETC., FEOM " EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS.'' 

"From the above table it may be seen (1) that there is a wide vari- 
ation in the relative average cost of elementary and high schools; 
(2) that no territorial lines or division of cities by population can be 
drawn in making a differentiation between them, each section of the 
country and one State, Pennsylvania, being represented in almost 
every column. The extreme variation in all the cities included is 
2.71. The extreme variations shown in the table indicate that 
proper balances are not being maintained in the school expenditures 
of some cities. More money in some cases should be spent upon the 
elementary schools; in others less money should be spent upon the 
high schools. The retardation and elimination statistics of such 
cities as have extreme ratios should be carefully studied in this con- 
nection. For instance, Baltimore, which has just been shown spends 
too little on its elementary schools rather than too much on its high 
schools, has a high percentage of retardation and elimination. More 
money is needed in that city for elementary schools, both to main- 
tain its present curriculum and to widen the scope of those schools, 
although the expenses of the high schools should not be diminished. 
In some cities it would be a far better distribution of public funds 
to take away from high schools having high average cost and high 
percentage of funds devoted to them and to add the same to the 
broadening of courses in the elementary schools in order to meet the 
needs of those who are backward or who are losing interest in the 
present curriculum. This is true especially if the city has high per- 
centages of retardation and elimination. 

The question arises. What is the range of a proper ratio between 
average costs of elementary and high schools? The table above 
furnishes a tentative answer to the question for each group of cities 
and for all cities taken together. Taken all in all, the best answer 
for all cities is. The ratio should lie between 1.80 and 2.60 [Washing- 
ton is 2.23] — a range of 0.80 — with 2.16 as the best representative 
amount. The two former figures are limits of the middle 50 per cent 
for the entire list of cities and any variation below and above these 
amounts should have reasonable justification." Page 38. Bulletin 
No. 5. 

RATIO OF GENERAL CONTROL TO TOTAL EXPENSE. 

For the superintendent's office among 13 cities Washington ranks 
third from lowest (0.67); among 102 cities Washington is one of 14 
cities from 0.50 to 0.99, there being 2 lower and 86 higher. 

For the board of education among 13 cities Washington ranks 
fifth (0.65). 

For general control among 13 cities Washington ranks third (1.54) ; 
among 103 cities Washington is one of 13 cities from 1 to 1.99, there 
being 1 below and 89 higher. 



TABLES, ETC., FEOM EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS.' 



39 



Table 4. — Distribution of percentages of total school expenses expended for various 

purposes. 

A. FOR SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE. (See Table 23, column 3.) 



Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 

of 

cities. 


Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 

of 

cities. 


Less than 0.50 


2 


2.00 to 2.49 


17 




2 50 to 2 99 


13 


Lower than Washington 


2 


3.00 to 3.49 ... 


9 




3 50 to 3 99 


4 


0.50 to 0.99 


14 


4.00 to 4.50 


3 








1.00 to 1.49 


15 
25 


80 


1..50 to 1 .99 











B. GENERAL CONTROL. (See Table 23, column 5.) 



Less than 1.00 


1 


4.00 to 4.99 


16 




5.00 to 5.99 


7 


Lower than Washington 


1 


6.00 to 6.99 






7 00 to 7 99 


1 


1.00 to 1.99 . 


13 


8.00 to 8.99 


3 




9 00 to 9 99 


1 


2.00 to 2.99 


32 

24 






3.00 to 3.99 


89 









Table 23.- 



-Shoiving for each item of expense of general control the percentage of total 
expenses, based on Table 16. 



Cities. 



Board of ed- 
ucation. 



Per- 
cent- 
age. 



Rank. 



Finance of- 
fices. 



Per- 
cent- 



Superintend- 
ent's office. 



Per- 
cent- 



Rank. 



Other over- 
head ex- 
penses. 



Per- 
cent- 



Rank. 



Total. 



Per- 
cent- 



Rank. 



Group I: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents . . 
Group II: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents . . 
Group III: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents . . 
Group IV: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents . . 



6 

4 
to 

8 

5+ 

4 
to 

6 
12-f- 

7 
to 
17 

9 

5 
to 
13 



0.40 



.66 

.13 

to 
1.12 

.70 

.23 

to 

1.40 
Lll 

.36 

to 
1.90 



5 

3 
to 

7 

9-^ 

5 
to 
14 

6 

3 
to 



0.90 
( .67 

to 
U-SO 
1.295 

.87 

to 
1.97 
1.78 
1.50 

to 
2.50 
2.47 
2.01 

to 
3.07 



7 

3 
to 

8 
10+ 

6 
to 
13 
21 
10 
to 
29 
13+ 

7 
to 
20 



0.42 



.50 
.27 

to 
.575 
.54 
.12 

to 
.92 
.51 
.17 

to 
.735 



7+ 

5 
to 

9 
11 

5 
to 
18 

9 

5 
to 
13 



2.56 
1.80 

to 
3.69 
2.415 
1.88 

to 
3.30 
3.28 
2.62 

to 
4.45 
3.78 
2.99 

to 
5.00 



7 

4 
to 
10 
10+ 

5 
to 
14 
19+ 
10 
to 
29 
14+ 



GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 OR OVER IN 1910. 



1 


Chicago, 111 . . . .. 


0.96 

6.93 

.29 

1.13 


7 
11 
2 

8 


2.11 
.28 
.34 


5 

1 
2 


0.39 

.26 

2.70 

.84 

1.80 

.83 

1.77 

1.80 

1.10 

2.16 

.67 

.90 

.67 


2 
1 

11 
5 
9 
4 
8 
9 
7 

10 
3 
6 
3 


0.34 
.80 

4.70 
.20 


3 

5 
7 

1 


3.80 
8.27 
8.03 
2.17 
1.80 
1.15 
2.46 
3.69 
2.94 
2.56 
1.54 
2.67 
.90 


11 
13 


?. 


St. Louis, Mo 


3 






4 


Baltimore, Md 




-■i 


Detroit, Mich 






4 


6 


BufTalo, N. Y 


.32 

.69 

1.47 

1.84 


3 
6 
9 
10 










2 


7 


San Francisco, Cal 

Milwaukee, Wis 










6 


8 






.42 


4 


10 


9 


Newark, N. J 






9 


10 


New Orleans, La 


.40 


3 






7 


11 


Washington, D. C 


.65 
.37 
.23 


5 

4 
1 


.22 
1.30 


2 

6 


3 


12 
13 


Los Angeles, Cal 

Minneapolis .Minn 


1.10 


4 


8 
1 















40 TABLES, ETC., FEOM '^ EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL, SYSTEMS.' ' 

Table 16. — Showing total school expenses and expenses of general control of school sys- 
tems in 103 cities of 30,000 population and over, 1909. 



Cities. 



Total 

school 

expenses. 



Board of 
educa- 
tion. 



Finance 
offices. 



Superin- ! Othei- 
tendent'si overhead 
expenses. 



Total for 
general 
control. 



Grand total 

Group I 

GroupII 

Group III 

Group IV 



856,424,146 



$566,896 



$336,802 $760,775 $296,917 



30,447,159 
11,133,770 
10,687,807 
4,155,410 



405, 734 
53,811 
88, 256 
19,095 



2.35,294 I 296,533 ' 184,177 

30,554 I 162,706 51,805 

44,647 , 199,683 i 46,401 

26,310 I 101,8.53 ! 14,534 



$1,961,390 



1,121,735 
298.876 
378, 987 
161,792 



GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 OR OVER IN 1910. 



Chicago, 111 

St. Louis, Mo 

Cleveland, Ohio... 

Baltimore, Md 

Detroit, Mich 

Bufltalo, N. Y 

San Francisco, Cal 
Milwaukee, Wis. . . 

Newark. N. J 

New Orleans, La.. 
Washington, D. C. 
Los Angeles, Cal... 
Minneapolis, Minn 



492, 
798, 
374, 
824, 
706, 
607, 
717, 
314, 
944, 
952, 
055, 



789 
654 
107 
8'>3 


$90,925 

193,866 

7,032 

20,474 


$201,380 
7,609 
8,379 


$30,929 
7,000 
03,952 
15; 248 
29,922 
13,141 
30,325 
23,541 
21,349 
20,558 
13,750 
11,600 
9,218 


$31,946 

23,075 

111,347 

3,714 


858 




378 


4,929 
11,959 
19,280 
36; 019 






249 






''57 




5,639 


549 




947 


3,827 


70 
4,466 
3,920 


915 


13,369 
4,758 
3,123 


852 
481 


14,096 









$361, 180 

231,550 

190,710 

.39, 430 

29 922 

lis' 070 

42,284 

48,460 

57,368 

24, 455 

31,585 

34,374 

12,341 



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